Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Essay

Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - Essay Example Global statistic shows that approximately 33.4 million of people are currently live with AIDS/HIV among them are 3.3 million of children. Also, approximately 97% of all patients that have AIDS/HIV are from low and middle income countries. The first cases of AIDS/HIV were detected in 1981. Since that time HIV lead to 25 million deaths all over the world. Therefore AIDS/HIV is the most important health challenge nowadays. HIV related to the lentiviruses from Retroviridae family. This genus of viruses mainly characterizes by their ability to transmit quite huge amount of viral RNA into the DNA of the host cell. Also they can infect non-dividing cells. The main targets for HIV are cells of the immune system such as macrophages that are white blood cells and can protect our organism through phagocytosis from outer dangerous substances; dendritic cells that involve in process of antigen production and presenting on the surface of the T cells; T helper cells that play important role in adaptive immune system and immune responses. (Mayo Clinic,2014) HIV damages CD4+ cells that related to the T helper cells and the amount of such cells rapidly decreased. When level of CD4+ cells is lower than a minimal level cell-mediated immunity stops work properly and does not release phagocytes and cytokines as a response to an antigen. This is quite dangerous process that leads to the extremely high susceptibility of organism to opportunistic infections that are not that dangerous and usually do not cause disease in people with a healthy immune system. (Mayo Clinic,2014)

See instructions Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

See instructions - Movie Review Example Sykes confirms that imprisonment leads to hurtful deprivations of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, and security that attack prisoner’s self-image and produce further produce physiological and psychological problems. The prison warden faces the issues of dealing with the complaints of the prisoners and helping them get what they need to feel better that contradict the punishment for their bad behaviors and the problem of preparing some of them for reintegrating into their communities when they lack sufficient preparation and rehabilitation inside prison and have no means of accessing necessary social and health care support and other resources outside it. Sykes confirms that imprisonment leads to deprivation of goods and services that affects prisoners physiologically and psychologically. He believes that depriving people of goods and services aggravate prisoners because they live in a culture where material possessions define the worth of people (69). In Solitary Nation, prisoners talk about getting more food or more things into their cells, even â€Å"cookies and milk,† as prisoner Peter Gibbs requests. They mention getting crazy because of having nothing in these solitary cells (Solitary Nation). Depriving inmates of goods and services that non-prisoners have affects them physiologically because they feel that they are not getting enough to get by in prison, while depriving them of services that define a citizen’s concept of a good life results to a â€Å"painful loss† (Sykes 68). Their impoverishment heightens their physical and psychological insecurity. Solitary confinement reduces what little sense of indep endence they have because they cannot afford and access many goods and services. Aside from deprivation of goods and services, prisoners also feel the hurtful process of losing heterosexual relationships. Sykes believes that losing contact with females from the outside world only